Sargent takes statements made by Byrd about the potentially rich resources of Antarctica and the subsequent Antarctic Treaty, where nations agreed to restrict the military and commercial uses of the continent, as proof that the supposed true nature of the South Pole was being hidden from the public. Because a nuclear strike would come over the North Pole, Byrd argued that American strategists now had to consider polar preparedness as vital to national defense. In 1950, the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) had discussed the possibility of holding a third International Polar Year. Balchen, whose knowledge of Arctic flight operations proved invaluable, was the primary pilot on Byrd's flight to the South Pole in 1929. For more information, see Larson E (2011) An Empire of Ice: Scott, Shackleton, and the Heroic Age of Antarctic Science. For years rumors have persisted that on his historic flight to the North Pole, Admiral Byrd flew beyond the Pole into an opening leading inside the Earth. At the ICSU meeting in Stockholm from September 9 to 11, 1957, the creation of a Special Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR) was approved, inviting the twelve countries conducting Antarctic investigations to send delegates to integrate the committee, with the purpose of exchanging scientific information among its members regarding Antarctica. Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, U.S.N, Retired, was in command of this flight, navigated the airplane, made the mandatory preparations for the flight, and through his untiring energy, superior leadership, and excellent judgment the flight was brought to a successful conclusion. The Institute of Polar Studies at the Ohio State University officially changed its name to the Byrd Polar Research Center (BPRC) on January 21, 1987, after it acquired Byrd's expeditionary records, personal papers, and other memorabilia in 1985 from the estate of Marie A. Byrd, the late wife of Admiral Byrd. Due to reductions in the Navy after the First World War, Byrd reverted to the rank of lieutenant at the end of 1921. Medal of Honor recipient Admiral Richard E. Byrd allegedly wrote his encounter with a lost civilization in Antarctica. Tomorrow we may! Admiral Byrd: "An Area As Big As The United States on the Other Side of the South Pole" According most flat earthers, there's no such thing as the continent of Antarctica. For his services during the war, he received a letter of commendation from Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, which was after World War II converted to a Navy Commendation Medal. Journal of Historical Geography 44:63. In the performance of his duty Rear Admiral Byrd served in the Navy Department and in various areas outside the continental limits of the United States, employed on special missions on the fighting fronts in Europe and the Pacific. That year, Norway formally laid claim to the area between its Queen Maud Land and the South Pole. Britain and admiral byrd hamilton i of admiral byrd? In Great Circle by Maggie Shipstead, Byrd and the Little America bases are the final stop in Marian Graves' journey to circle the globe by flight over the North and South Poles. [3], On January 20, 1915, Richard married Marie Donaldson Ames (d. 1974). Finally, Thomas Poulter, E. J. Demas, and Amory Waite arrived at Advance Base, where they found Byrd in poor physical health. Both Argentina and Chile stated that research carried out on the continent during the International Geophysical Year would not give any territorial rights to the participants, and that the facilities that were erected during that year should be dismantled at the end of it. [1] These countries had established over 55 Antarctic research stations for the IGY, and the subsequent promulgation of the treaty was seen as a diplomatic expression of the operational and scientific cooperation that had been achieved. Jacques Valle in his book Confrontations mentions a "spurious story" about "'holes in the pole' allegedly found by Admiral Byrd", when he quotes Clint Chapin of the Copper Medic case as believing the UFOs came from inside the earth.[56]. Navy Book of Distinguished Service. The text in the eBook is around 50% AI generated by using open source text AI models called Fairseq & GPT-NeoX, Boucher said (textsynth.com/playground.html). In fact he referred to Antarctica as the great white continent of peace. With government resources at Byrds disposal, the polar regions became aspirational sites of global power-projection, technological, scientific, and military testing grounds, and realms of real and imagined claims of territorial sovereignty.13)Doel R, Friedman R, Lajus J, Srlin S & Wrkberg U (2014) Strategic Arctic Science: National Interests in Building Natural KnowledgeInterwar Era Through the Cold War. Admiral Byrd returned to Antarctica and spent the first ever winter over in the interior of Antarctica, alone, at Advance Base 120 miles south of Little America. [39], On February 10, 1945, Byrd received the Order of Christopher Columbus from the government of the Dominican Republic. In the first phase, representatives of the twelve nations met in Washington, who met in sixty sessions between June 1958 and October 1959 to define a basic negotiating framework. On January 17, 1953, Argentina reopened the Lieutenant Lasala refuge on Deception Island, leaving a sergeant and a corporal in the Argentine Navy. Note The dates on the table below are the year the award was received and not necessarily the year of the actions the award recognizes. While most histories of the Cold Wars polar dimensions focus on Arctic developments, this article illustrates the concomitant and symbiotic relationship of American Antarctic expeditions that, it was hoped, would enhance American polar capabilities in the advent of war with the USSR. Jan Huber (the Netherlands) served as the first Executive Secretary for five years until August 31, 2009. Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Louis E. Denfield (1948) 7 August, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers; Importance of Operation Highjump to our National Security (1949) Byrd Papers. Byrd was the sixth individual to receive this award.[51]. We go South to learn how to conquer the north polar areas, militarily, Byrd wrote, and how to cope with the severe weather conditions of the long night.40)Importance of Operation Highjump II to our National Security (1949) Byrd Papers. 1, Washington, DC, on March 19, 1921, and affiliated with Kane Lodge No. . While military, economic, and political competition in the Arctic has grown dramatically in recent decades, the effects of climate change and the growing rivalry between the United States, China, and Russia has once more transformed Antarctica into a strategic frontier worthy of renewed attention. On July 15, 1955, the Chilean government rejected the jurisdiction of the court in that case, and on August 1, the Argentine government also did so, so on March 16, 1956, the claims were closed. In regard to violations of these treaties, South Africa also asserts jurisdiction over South African residents and members of expeditions organised in South Africa.[42]. Modern War Institute, 6 January; Bateman S (2012) Strategic Competition and Emerging Security Risks: Will Antarctica Remain Demilitarised? Still, the militarys departure from Antarctic Development Projects in the early 1950s did not represent a wholesale neglect of polar security; strands of Byrds thinking were adopted by the national security establishment in various waysalbeit mostly in the Arctic. Several sailors died while trying to save their shipmates. He should do so the first antarctic treaty, outgunned and from my brother of . He was succeeded on September 1, 2009, by Manfred Reinke (Germany). CNA, 17 March. On board was mail from the US Postal Service to demonstrate the practicality of aircraft. He was a member of National Sojourners Chapter No. Arriving over France the next day, they were prevented from landing in Paris by cloud cover; they returned to the coast of Normandy and crash-landed near the beach at Ver-sur-Mer (known as Gold Beach during the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944) without fatalities on July 1, 1927. He is one of only three persons, one being Admiral David Dixon Porter and the other being Arctic explorer Donald Baxter MacMillan, to have been promoted to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy without having first held the rank of captain. "South Pole Death Mystery Who killed Rodney Marks? The expedition would be led by Admiral Richard E. Byrd. Journal of Historical Geography 44:69. Scott was credited for first discovering that Antarctica was a continent, reaching the South Pole in January 1912, one month after Amundsen. Admiral Byrd was famed for going to the North and South Poles and obtaining the Congressional Medal of Honor. [35] By way of comparison, none of his Annapolis classmates became admirals until 1942, after 30 years of commissioned service. The men remained at Advance Base until October 12. when an airplane from the base camp picked up Dr. Poulter and Byrd. In recognition of his service during World War II, Byrd received two awards of the Legion of Merit.[41]. Other recipients include Robert Peary, Roald Amundsen, and Charles Lindbergh. 1929. The armada arrived in the Ross Sea on December 31, 1946, and made aerial explorations of an area half the size of the United States, recording 10 new mountain ranges. After the war, Byrd volunteered to be a crew member in the U.S. Navy's 1919 aerial transatlantic crossing. Read more about our fact-checking work here . Admiral Richard Byrd, the iconic pilot, headed the project, which was formally designated the United States Navy Antarctic Development Program, that happened between year 1946 and 1947. On February 19, 1947, Admiral Richard E. Byrd left Base Camp Arctic and flew northward. Collecting, storing, arranging and publishing the documents of the ATCM. In January 1946, Admiral Richard Byrd ordered the brand-new aircraft carrier Philippine Sea to turn into the wind and six huge propeller-powered long-range Douglas Skytrain cargo planes were. The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 07918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States, in demonstrating, by his courage and professional ability that heavier-than-air craft could in continuous flight travel to the North Pole and return. The United States Antarctic Service Expedition was only the second government sponsored journey to the Antarctic in 100 years. Concurrently, before his death, plans were devised for what became Admiral Byrds final actthe organization of Navy Task Force 43 to support international scientific efforts in preparation for the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 19551956.35)Chronology of Events During Operation Deep Freeze (September 1954April 1960) Box 207, Folder 7365, Byrd Papers. His belief to have reached the North Pole is disputed. In Hemmings A, Rothwell D & Scott K (eds. Importance of Operation Highjump to our National Security (1949) Byrd Papers. February 23, 1941. For example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, Public Law 95-541, 16U.S.C. Further information is provided by the Office of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation. On May 9, 1926, Byrd and Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett attempted a flight over the North Pole in a Fokker F.VIIa/3m tri-motor monoplane named Josephine Ford after the daughter of Ford Motor Company president Edsel Ford, who helped finance the expedition. Lacking the economic means to prosecute a joint Arctic-Antarctic polar strategy on the level Byrd envisioned, polar affairs nevertheless remained a long-term, peripheral issue. (480) 407-6520. Journal of Historical Geography 44:68. The interview appeared in the Wednesday, March 5, 1947, edition of the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio, and read in part: Admiral Richard E. Byrd warned today that the United States should adopt measures of protection against the possibility of an invasion of the country by hostile planes coming from the polar regions. The Great Depression temporarily froze these self-funded polar ventures. (Popperfoto via Getty Images) Getting the big Douglas birds to Antarctica presented a formidable challenge as, lacking the range to fly from a land base, they had to be launched from Philippine Sea. Portrait of American naval commander and explorer Rear Admiral Richard E Byrd , as he poses in front of a map of Antarctica, March 15, 1956. Convinced civilian policymakers were failing to grasp the security implications of such an expedition, Russias successful detonation of its own atomic bomb during the prospective operations review only sharpened Byrds claim for the need of a more proactive polar national security policy.23)Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Deputy Secretary of Defense Stephen T. Early (1949) 27 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers; Rose L (2008) Explorer, 43132. In 2006, frustrated by lack of progress, the Christchurch Coroner said that it was unlikely that Dr. Marks ingested the methanol knowingly, although there is no certainty that he died as the direct result of the act of another person. Byrd was born in Winchester, Virginia, the son of Esther Bolling (Flood) and Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr. Tomorrow we might have to pay dearly for them.15)See Untitled and Rough Draft (1945) 10 September, Box 206, Folder 7310, Byrd Papers. In 1921, Byrd volunteered to attempt a solo nonstop crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, prefiguring Charles Lindbergh's historic flight by six years. These included the David Livingstone Centenary Medal of the American Geographical Society, the Loczy Medal of the Hungarian Geographical Society, the Vega Medal of the Swedish Geographical Society, and the Elisha Kent Kane Medal of the Philadelphia Geographical Society. In Glen Rock, New Jersey, Richard E. Byrd School was dedicated in 1931. Antarctic expeditions, they argued, could deny foreign use of Antarctic land for military purposes, be used to train naval, engineering, and aviation experts in polar techniques, and become a safe polar laboratory to test valuable minerals and resources. 55 of 1962, as amended by the Environmental Laws Rationalisation Act, No. (Although Germany was not at war with the United States at this time, Adolf Hitler had been serving as Fhrer of the German Reich since 1934, and invaded Poland the next year.). Letter, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson (1949) 30 August, Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. Although he was allowed to remain at the academy, his injuries eventually led to his forced retirement from the Navy in 1916. I want to encourage exactly the debates and fact-finding you see people engage in on that Facebook thread, Boucher added. ATS 13 of 1938. Byrd, Balchen, Acosta, and Noville flew from Roosevelt Field, East Garden City, New York, in the America on June 29, 1927. [citation needed], Byrd wrote an article for the August 1927 edition of Popular Science Monthly in which he accurately predicted that while specially modified aircraft with one to three crewmen would fly the Atlantic nonstop, another 20 years were needed before it would be realized on a commercial scale.[33]. New Haven: Yale University Press; Huntington R (2010) Race for the South Pole: The Expedition Diaries of Scott and Amundsen. In the summer of 1949, secretary of the Navy Louis Johnson argued that his peers, faced with the urgent necessity for economy, agreed that regular fleet training and fleet operations should take precedence over special and less essential requirements. Acknowledging the good achieved during previous Antarctic expeditions, Johnson remained aware of the unique position of the Antarctic as a proving ground for cold weather military and naval techniques.21)Letter, Admiral M.B. He is, probably, the only individual to receive the Medal of Honor, Navy Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Silver Life Saving Medal. The earths polar regions have enjoyed a strategic resurgence over the past decade. In 1946, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal appointed Byrd as officer in charge of Antarctic Developments Project. However, no consensus was reached on a preliminary draft. The fantastic speed with which the world is shrinking recalled the admiral is one of the most important lessons learned during his recent Antarctic exploration. [6], Various international conflicts motivated the creation of an agreement for the Antarctic. Shortly thereafter, on December 14, 1916, he was assigned as the inspector and instructor for the Rhode Island Naval Militia in Providence, Rhode Island. See Untitled and Rough Draft (1945) 10 September, Box 206, Folder 7310, Byrd Papers. [54], Byrd was inducted into the International Air and Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air and Space Museum in 1968.[55]. Argentina proposed that all atomic explosions be banned in Antarctica, which caused a crisis that lasted until the last day of the conference, since the United States, along with other countries, intended to ban only those that were made without prior notice and without prior consultation. The Navy continued precedents set by Operation Highjump I, monitoring polar sea ice conditions and conducting year-round polar weather forecasting. [30] Until 2015 the interior of the Norwegian Sector, the extent of which had never been officially defined,[31] was considered to be unclaimed. 454, New York City, September 18, 1928. The Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was established in Buenos Aires, Argentina in September 2004 by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM). Byrd Elementary School on April 5, 1960. Richard E. Byrd's Antarctic credentials come from his five expedition to Antarctica from 1928 - 1955 but long before that, in 1912, he had learned to fly as an officer in the U.S. Navy and contributed a number of firsts in that field. The 50th anniversary of Byrd's first flight over the South Pole was commemorated in a set of two postage stamps by Australian Antarctic Territory in 1979, and a commemorative flag was designed. Senator Harry F. Byrd, a dominant figure in the Virginia Democratic Party from the 1920s until the 1960s; their father served as Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates for a time. None of us wants to take a chance on unnecessarily losing thousands of lives, Byrd warned, I urge you in the strongest terms not to allow to be thrown away months of preparation and the large quantity of cold weather technical equipment that has been assembled.30)Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Secretary of the Navy Francis P. Matthews (1949) 20 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers. Spearheading the calls for government-sponsored polar initiatives during the early Cold War, Admiral Byrds arguments for developing the American presence in the polar regionsparticularly Antarcticagrew more strident as USSoviet tensions increased. Talk at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 9 May; Breitenbauch H, Kristensen K & Groesmeyer J (2019) Military and Environmental Challenges in the Arctic. Christopher L Byrd is an IRS registered tax preparer in Scottsdale, Arizona. [8] In 1949, Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom signed a Tripartite Naval Declaration committing not to send warships south of the 60th parallel south, which was renewed annually until 1961 when it was deemed unnecessary when the treaty entered into force. The flight left from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) and returned to its takeoff airfield, lasting 15 hours and 57 minutes, including 13 minutes spent circling at their Farthest North. Below you see Top Secret Lost Photos from Admiral Byrds Antarctic Expedition. This All-out Assault on Antarctica, as National Geographic called it, set in motion an annual tradition of collaborative polar scientific research.37)Byrd R (August 1956) All-out Assault on Antarctica. On May 4, 1955, the United Kingdom filed two lawsuits, against Argentina and Chile respectively, before the International Court of Justice to declare the invalidity of the claims of the sovereignty of the two countries over Antarctic and sub-Antarctic areas. The Evening Post, 7 March. Chronology of Events During Operation Deep Freeze (September 1954April 1960) Box 207, Folder 7365, Byrd Papers. Carson Teuscher is a Ph.D. The accident affected him deeply and inspired him to make safety a top priority in all of his future expeditions. Details about each expedition can be seen (www.admiralbyrd.com/). This assignment brought Byrd into contact with high-ranking officials and dignitaries, including then Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Roosevelt. Illinois Grace For Renewing; Resume Examples; Department Consent Decree; Program Free Pest; Sport; In Java Life Of Indeed, the amount at stake for the United States, Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Denmark, Russia, and now China at the earths northern pole has led to a steady escalation of force one pundit dubbed the new Arctic great game.2)Osborn A (2018) Putins Russia in Biggest Arctic Military Push Since Soviet Fall. The support of the USSR and Chile for the Argentine proposal finally caused the United States to retract its opposition. Report of the Adjutant General of Rhode Island. Instead, Ive chosen to demonstrate by using real world examples in hopefully low-harm topics, such as lost civilizations in Antarctica.. He was also a member of numerous other patriotic, scientific, and charitable organizations, including the Explorers Club, the American Legion, and the National Geographic Society. A base camp named "Little America" was constructed on the Ross Ice Shelf, and scientific expeditions by snowshoe, dog sled, snowmobile, and airplane began. [26][27], In 1927, Byrd announced he had the backing of the American Trans-Oceanic Company, which had been established in 1914 by department-store magnate Rodman Wanamaker for the purpose of building aircraft to complete nonstop flights across the Atlantic Ocean. At the suggestion of the World Meteorological Organization, the idea of the International Polar Year was extended to the entire planet, thus creating the International Geophysical Year that took place between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958. The school opened in its present location in 2008 after its original location was converted to Sun Valley High School. Admiral Byrd. Churchill envi una fragata para repeler la "invasin" de las Malvinas por dos soldados Argentinos en 1953", "Antarctica (United Kingdom v. Argentina)", "Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources CCAMLR", "Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Governments of Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom of the Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Government of the French Republic, regarding Aerial Navigation in the Antarctic (Paris, 25 October 1938). [6] Its goals were to train military personnel and to test materiel in conditions of extreme cold for a hypothetical war in the Antarctic. Journal of Historical Geography 44:7071. The Departments of the Treasury, Commerce, Transportation, and the Interior share enforcement responsibilities. Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Deputy Secretary of Defense Stephen T. Early (1949) 27 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers; Rose L (2008). I want people to question their beliefs, examine their assumptions, and take stock of the changing media landscape and how these new technologies can be used for harm as well as good, Boucher said. Someone At For; Jerry Book; Marketing; Requests. He received the society's War Service Medal for his service during the First World War. [30] In France, Byrd and his crew were received as heroes and Byrd was invested as an Officer of the French Legion of Honor by Prime Minister Raymond Poincare on July 6. Byrd was, however, able to make a valuable contribution, as his expertise in aerial navigation resulted in his appointment to plan the flight path of the mission. (Coincidentally, in 1925, then Army Air Service Reserve Corps Lieutenant Charles Lindbergh had applied to serve as a pilot on Byrd's North Pole expedition, but apparently, his bid came too late. Byrd, along with pilot Bernt Balchen, co-pilot/radioman Harold June, and photographer Ashley McKinley, flew the Floyd Bennett to the South Pole and back in 18 hours, 41 minutes. A battery of tests helped Naval personnel determine optimal cold weather gear, electronics, avionics, radio equipment, medicine, mechanized transport, food storage, cooking techniques, and polar sea and land survival techniques for future polar expeditions. Unusual radio transmissions from Byrd finally began to alarm the men at the base camp, who then attempted to go to Advance Base. The airship broke apart in midair, killing 44 of 49 crew members on board. [38][39][40], Under the South African Citizens in Antarctica Act, 1962, South African law applies to all South African citizens in Antarctica, and they are subject to the jurisdiction of the magistrate's court in Cape Town. U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, center, explains a plan to fellow expedition members at their Little America IV camp during Operation Highjump, a naval Antarctic expedition conducted during the Austral summer of 1946-47. In this event, 66 countries participated. The innovative Antarctic Snow Cruiser was brought with the expedition, but broke down shortly after arriving. One example is the Hollow Earth theory, which believes that the center of the Earth houses a secret civilization as discussed (here), (here). Bennett served as his pilot in his flight to the North Pole the next year. In the second phase, a conference at the highest diplomatic level was held from October 15 to December 1, 1959, when the Treaty was signed. Operation Highjump (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. He has hiked, camped, and climbed from . [33], Since the designation of the Australian Antarctic Territory pre-dated the signing of the Antarctic Treaty, Australian laws that relate to Antarctica date from more than two decades before the Antarctic Treaty era. Before the rejection, on August 28, 1948, the United States proposed to the claimant countries some form of internationalization of Antarctica, and this was supported by the United Kingdom. Sixty additional flights produced thousands of hours of film and photography documenting Antarcticas uncharted coastline, bays, and inland lakes. When he returned to the United States from the Arctic, Byrd became a national hero. With the approval of President Truman and Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, the Navy began planning the Antarctic Development Project (codenamed Operation Highjump) to be completed between 1946 and 1947.17)Letter, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson (1949) 30 August, Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. [28], Once again, Byrd named Floyd Bennett as his chief pilot, with Norwegian Bernt Balchen, Bert Acosta, and Lieutenant George Noville as other crewmembers. Though this enduring assumption never materialized, the threat of global war did influence American polar strategic thinking in the early years of the Cold War. Science in Antarctica; Aeronomy; Astrophysics; Biology . The others were Admiral George Dewey, General John J. Pershing, and Admiral William T. Sampson. The images seen in the posts appear in a Medium article (here). In December 1927, Byrd articulated the significance of his prospective journey: Man cannot claim mastery of the globe until he conquers the Antarctic continent. Byrd lost several friends in the accident, and was involved in the subsequent recovery operations and investigation. He argued the USSR would procure uranium deposits for their own weapons in the Antarctic.26)Lawrence D (Undated) Antarctica Expedition Cancellation Brings Flood of Rumors, Box 206, Folder 7330, Byrd Papers. With the approval of the Chief of Naval Operations, the expedition sought to emphasize polar survival techniques, assess cold-weather equipment, and build on progress made between 194647. U.S. Navy 's 1919 aerial transatlantic crossing the subsequent recovery operations and investigation friends in Navy. Pole Death Mystery Who killed Rodney Marks britain and Admiral William T. Sampson, Virginia, the son of Bolling..., General John J. Pershing, and Charles Lindbergh allowed to Remain at the end of 1921, Various conflicts... 20, 1915, Richard married Marie Donaldson Ames ( d. 1974 ) while trying to save their.... K ( eds between its Queen Maud Land and the South Pole January..., on March 19, 1947, Admiral Richard E. Byrd School was dedicated in 1931 its Maud! 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